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				|  |  | -.TH FILE __CSECTION__ "Copyright but distributable"
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				|  |  | -.\" $Id: file.man,v 1.27 1996/06/22 22:05:07 christos Exp $
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				|  |  | -.SH NAME
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				|  |  | -file
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				|  |  | -\- determine file type
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				|  |  | -.SH SYNOPSIS
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				|  |  | -.B file
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				|  |  | -[
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				|  |  | -.B \-vczL
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				|  |  | -]
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				|  |  | -[
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				|  |  | -.B \-f
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				|  |  | -namefile ]
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				|  |  | -[
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				|  |  | -.B \-m 
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				|  |  | -magicfiles ]
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				|  |  | -file ...
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				|  |  | -.SH DESCRIPTION
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				|  |  | -This manual page documents version __VERSION__ of the
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				|  |  | -.B file
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				|  |  | -command.
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				|  |  | -.B File
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				|  |  | -tests each argument in an attempt to classify it.
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				|  |  | -There are three sets of tests, performed in this order:
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				|  |  | -filesystem tests, magic number tests, and language tests.
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				|  |  | -The
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				|  |  | -.I first
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				|  |  | -test that succeeds causes the file type to be printed.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -The type printed will usually contain one of the words
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				|  |  | -.B text
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				|  |  | -(the file contains only
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				|  |  | -.SM ASCII
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				|  |  | -characters and is probably safe to read on an
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				|  |  | -.SM ASCII
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				|  |  | -terminal),
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				|  |  | -.B executable
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				|  |  | -(the file contains the result of compiling a program
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				|  |  | -in a form understandable to some \s-1UNIX\s0 kernel or another),
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				|  |  | -or
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				|  |  | -.B data
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				|  |  | -meaning anything else (data is usually `binary' or non-printable).
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				|  |  | -Exceptions are well-known file formats (core files, tar archives)
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				|  |  | -that are known to contain binary data.
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				|  |  | -When modifying the file
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				|  |  | -.I __MAGIC__
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				|  |  | -or the program itself, 
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				|  |  | -.B "preserve these keywords" .
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				|  |  | -People depend on knowing that all the readable files in a directory
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				|  |  | -have the word ``text'' printed.
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				|  |  | -Don't do as Berkeley did \- change ``shell commands text''
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				|  |  | -to ``shell script''.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -The filesystem tests are based on examining the return from a
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				|  |  | -.BR stat (2)
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				|  |  | -system call.
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				|  |  | -The program checks to see if the file is empty,
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				|  |  | -or if it's some sort of special file.
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				|  |  | -Any known file types appropriate to the system you are running on
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				|  |  | -(sockets, symbolic links, or named pipes (FIFOs) on those systems that
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				|  |  | -implement them)
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				|  |  | -are intuited if they are defined in
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				|  |  | -the system header file
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				|  |  | -.IR sys/stat.h  .
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -The magic number tests are used to check for files with data in
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				|  |  | -particular fixed formats.
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				|  |  | -The canonical example of this is a binary executable (compiled program)
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				|  |  | -.I a.out
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				|  |  | -file, whose format is defined in 
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				|  |  | -.I a.out.h
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				|  |  | -and possibly
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				|  |  | -.I exec.h
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				|  |  | -in the standard include directory.
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				|  |  | -These files have a `magic number' stored in a particular place
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				|  |  | -near the beginning of the file that tells the \s-1UNIX\s0 operating system
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				|  |  | -that the file is a binary executable, and which of several types thereof.
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				|  |  | -The concept of `magic number' has been applied by extension to data files.
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				|  |  | -Any file with some invariant identifier at a small fixed
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				|  |  | -offset into the file can usually be described in this way.
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				|  |  | -The information in these files is read from the magic file
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				|  |  | -.I __MAGIC__.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -If an argument appears to be an
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				|  |  | -.SM ASCII 
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				|  |  | -file,
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				|  |  | -.B file
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				|  |  | -attempts to guess its language.
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				|  |  | -The language tests look for particular strings (cf
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				|  |  | -.IR names.h )
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				|  |  | -that can appear anywhere in the first few blocks of a file.
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				|  |  | -For example, the keyword
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				|  |  | -.B .br
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				|  |  | -indicates that the file is most likely a
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				|  |  | -.BR troff (1)
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				|  |  | -input file, just as the keyword 
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				|  |  | -.B struct
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				|  |  | -indicates a C program.
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				|  |  | -These tests are less reliable than the previous
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				|  |  | -two groups, so they are performed last.
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				|  |  | -The language test routines also test for some miscellany
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				|  |  | -(such as 
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				|  |  | -.BR tar (1)
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				|  |  | -archives) and determine whether an unknown file should be
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				|  |  | -labelled as `ascii text' or `data'. 
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				|  |  | -.SH OPTIONS
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				|  |  | -.TP 8
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				|  |  | -.B \-v
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				|  |  | -Print the version of the program and exit.
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				|  |  | -.TP 8
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				|  |  | -.B \-m list
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				|  |  | -Specify an alternate list of files containing magic numbers.
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				|  |  | -This can be a single file, or a colon-separated list of files.
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				|  |  | -.TP 8
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				|  |  | -.B \-z
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				|  |  | -Try to look inside compressed files.
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				|  |  | -.TP 8
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				|  |  | -.B \-c
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				|  |  | -Cause a checking printout of the parsed form of the magic file.
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				|  |  | -This is usually used in conjunction with 
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				|  |  | -.B \-m
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				|  |  | -to debug a new magic file before installing it.
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				|  |  | -.TP 8
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				|  |  | -.B \-f namefile
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				|  |  | -Read the names of the files to be examined from 
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				|  |  | -.I namefile
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				|  |  | -(one per line) 
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				|  |  | -before the argument list.
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				|  |  | -Either 
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				|  |  | -.I namefile
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				|  |  | -or at least one filename argument must be present;
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				|  |  | -to test the standard input, use ``-'' as a filename argument.
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				|  |  | -.TP 8
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				|  |  | -.B \-L
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				|  |  | -option causes symlinks to be followed, as the like-named option in
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				|  |  | -.BR ls (1).
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				|  |  | -(on systems that support symbolic links).
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				|  |  | -.SH FILES
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				|  |  | -.I __MAGIC__
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				|  |  | -\- default list of magic numbers
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				|  |  | -.SH ENVIRONMENT
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				|  |  | -The environment variable
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				|  |  | -.B MAGIC
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				|  |  | -can be used to set the default magic number files.
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				|  |  | -.SH SEE ALSO
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				|  |  | -.BR magic (__FSECTION__)
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				|  |  | -\- description of magic file format.
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				|  |  | -.br
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				|  |  | -.BR strings (1), " od" (1)
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				|  |  | -\- tools for examining non-textfiles.
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				|  |  | -.SH STANDARDS CONFORMANCE
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				|  |  | -This program is believed to exceed the System V Interface Definition
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				|  |  | -of FILE(CMD), as near as one can determine from the vague language
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				|  |  | -contained therein. 
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				|  |  | -Its behaviour is mostly compatible with the System V program of the same name.
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				|  |  | -This version knows more magic, however, so it will produce
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				|  |  | -different (albeit more accurate) output in many cases. 
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -The one significant difference 
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				|  |  | -between this version and System V
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				|  |  | -is that this version treats any white space
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				|  |  | -as a delimiter, so that spaces in pattern strings must be escaped.
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				|  |  | -For example,
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				|  |  | -.br
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				|  |  | ->10	string	language impress\ 	(imPRESS data)
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				|  |  | -.br
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				|  |  | -in an existing magic file would have to be changed to
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				|  |  | -.br
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				|  |  | ->10	string	language\e impress	(imPRESS data)
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				|  |  | -.br
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				|  |  | -In addition, in this version, if a pattern string contains a backslash,
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				|  |  | -it must be escaped.  For example
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				|  |  | -.br
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				|  |  | -0	string		\ebegindata	Andrew Toolkit document
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				|  |  | -.br
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				|  |  | -in an existing magic file would have to be changed to
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				|  |  | -.br
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				|  |  | -0	string		\e\ebegindata	Andrew Toolkit document
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				|  |  | -.br
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -SunOS releases 3.2 and later from Sun Microsystems include a
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				|  |  | -.BR file (1)
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				|  |  | -command derived from the System V one, but with some extensions.
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				|  |  | -My version differs from Sun's only in minor ways.
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				|  |  | -It includes the extension of the `&' operator, used as,
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				|  |  | -for example,
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				|  |  | -.br
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				|  |  | ->16	long&0x7fffffff	>0		not stripped
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				|  |  | -.SH MAGIC DIRECTORY
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				|  |  | -The magic file entries have been collected from various sources,
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				|  |  | -mainly USENET, and contributed by various authors.
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				|  |  | -Christos Zoulas (address below) will collect additional
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				|  |  | -or corrected magic file entries.
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				|  |  | -A consolidation of magic file entries 
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				|  |  | -will be distributed periodically.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -The order of entries in the magic file is significant.
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				|  |  | -Depending on what system you are using, the order that
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				|  |  | -they are put together may be incorrect.
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				|  |  | -If your old
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				|  |  | -.B file
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				|  |  | -command uses a magic file,
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				|  |  | -keep the old magic file around for comparison purposes
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				|  |  | -(rename it to 
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				|  |  | -.IR __MAGIC__.orig ).
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				|  |  | -.SH HISTORY
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				|  |  | -There has been a 
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				|  |  | -.B file
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				|  |  | -command in every \s-1UNIX\s0 since at least Research Version 6
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				|  |  | -(man page dated January, 1975).
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				|  |  | -The System V version introduced one significant major change:
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				|  |  | -the external list of magic number types.
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				|  |  | -This slowed the program down slightly but made it a lot more flexible.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -This program, based on the System V version,
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				|  |  | -was written by Ian Darwin without looking at anybody else's source code.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -John Gilmore revised the code extensively, making it better than
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				|  |  | -the first version.
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				|  |  | -Geoff Collyer found several inadequacies
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				|  |  | -and provided some magic file entries.
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				|  |  | -The program has undergone continued evolution since.
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				|  |  | -.SH AUTHOR
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				|  |  | -Written by Ian F. Darwin, UUCP address {utzoo | ihnp4}!darwin!ian,
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				|  |  | -Internet address ian@sq.com,
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				|  |  | -postal address: P.O. Box 603, Station F, Toronto, Ontario, CANADA M4Y 2L8.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -Altered by Rob McMahon, cudcv@warwick.ac.uk, 1989, to extend the `&' operator
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				|  |  | -from simple `x&y != 0' to `x&y op z'.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -Altered by Guy Harris, guy@auspex.com, 1993, to:
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				|  |  | -.RS
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -put the ``old-style'' `&'
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				|  |  | -operator back the way it was, because 1) Rob McMahon's change broke the
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				|  |  | -previous style of usage, 2) the SunOS ``new-style'' `&' operator,
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				|  |  | -which this version of
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				|  |  | -.B file
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				|  |  | -supports, also handles `x&y op z', and 3) Rob's change wasn't documented
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				|  |  | -in any case;
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -put in multiple levels of `>';
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -put in ``beshort'', ``leshort'', etc. keywords to look at numbers in the
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				|  |  | -file in a specific byte order, rather than in the native byte order of
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				|  |  | -the process running
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				|  |  | -.BR file .
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				|  |  | -.RE
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -Changes by Ian Darwin and various authors including
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				|  |  | -Christos Zoulas (christos@ee.cornell.edu), 1990-1992.
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				|  |  | -.SH LEGAL NOTICE
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				|  |  | -Copyright (c) Ian F. Darwin, Toronto, Canada,
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				|  |  | -1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -This software is not subject to and may not be made subject to any
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				|  |  | -license of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, Sun
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				|  |  | -Microsystems Inc., Digital Equipment Inc., Lotus Development Inc., the
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				|  |  | -Regents of the University of California, The X Consortium or MIT, or
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				|  |  | -The Free Software Foundation.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -This software is not subject to any export provision of the United States
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				|  |  | -Department of Commerce, and may be exported to any country or planet.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -Permission is granted to anyone to use this software for any purpose on
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				|  |  | -any computer system, and to alter it and redistribute it freely, subject
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				|  |  | -to the following restrictions:
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				|  |  | -.PP 
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				|  |  | -1. The author is not responsible for the consequences of use of this
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				|  |  | -software, no matter how awful, even if they arise from flaws in it.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -2. The origin of this software must not be misrepresented, either by
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				|  |  | -explicit claim or by omission.  Since few users ever read sources,
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				|  |  | -credits must appear in the documentation.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -3. Altered versions must be plainly marked as such, and must not be
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				|  |  | -misrepresented as being the original software.  Since few users
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				|  |  | -ever read sources, credits must appear in the documentation.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -4. This notice may not be removed or altered.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -A few support files (\fIgetopt\fP, \fIstrtok\fP)
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				|  |  | -distributed with this package
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				|  |  | -are by Henry Spencer and are subject to the same terms as above.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -A few simple support files (\fIstrtol\fP, \fIstrchr\fP)
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				|  |  | -distributed with this package
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				|  |  | -are in the public domain; they are so marked.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -The files
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				|  |  | -.I tar.h
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				|  |  | -and
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				|  |  | -.I is_tar.c
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				|  |  | -were written by John Gilmore from his public-domain
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				|  |  | -.B tar
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				|  |  | -program, and are not covered by the above restrictions.
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				|  |  | -.SH BUGS
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				|  |  | -There must be a better way to automate the construction of the Magic
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -file from all the glop in Magdir. What is it?
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				|  |  | -Better yet, the magic file should be compiled into binary (say,
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				|  |  | -.BR ndbm (3)
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				|  |  | -or, better yet, fixed-length
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				|  |  | -.SM ASCII
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				|  |  | -strings for use in heterogenous network environments) for faster startup.
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -Then the program would run as fast as the Version 7 program of the same name,
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				|  |  | -with the flexibility of the System V version.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -.B File
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				|  |  | -uses several algorithms that favor speed over accuracy,
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -thus it can be misled about the contents of
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				|  |  | -.SM ASCII
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				|  |  | -files.
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				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -The support for
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -.SM ASCII
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				|  |  | -files (primarily for programming languages)
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -is simplistic, inefficient and requires recompilation to update.
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -.PP
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -There should be an ``else'' clause to follow a series of continuation lines.
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -.PP
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -The magic file and keywords should have regular expression support.
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -Their use of
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -.SM "ASCII TAB"
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -as a field delimiter is ugly and makes
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -it hard to edit the files, but is entrenched.
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -It might be advisable to allow upper-case letters in keywords
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -for e.g.,
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -.BR troff (1)
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -commands vs man page macros.
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -Regular expression support would make this easy.
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -.PP
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -The program doesn't grok \s-2FORTRAN\s0.
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -It should be able to figure \s-2FORTRAN\s0 by seeing some keywords which 
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				|  |  | -appear indented at the start of line.
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -Regular expression support would make this easy.
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -.PP
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -The list of keywords in 
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -.I ascmagic
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -probably belongs in the Magic file.
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -This could be done by using some keyword like `*' for the offset value.
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -.PP
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -Another optimisation would be to sort
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -the magic file so that we can just run down all the
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -tests for the first byte, first word, first long, etc, once we
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -have fetched it.  Complain about conflicts in the magic file entries.
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -Make a rule that the magic entries sort based on file offset rather
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -than position within the magic file?
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -The program should provide a way to give an estimate 
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -of ``how good'' a guess is.
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -We end up removing guesses (e.g. ``From '' as first 5 chars of file) because
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -they are not as good as other guesses (e.g. ``Newsgroups:'' versus
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -"Return-Path:").  Still, if the others don't pan out, it should be
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -possible to use the first guess.  
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -.PP
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				|  |  | -This program is slower than some vendors' file commands.
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -.PP
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -This manual page, and particularly this section, is too long.
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -.SH AVAILABILITY
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				|  |  | -You can obtain the original author's latest version by anonymous FTP
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -on
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -.B tesla.ee.cornell.edu
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -in the directory
 | 
	
		
			
				|  |  | -.I /pub/file-X.YY.tar.gz
 |