file/magic/Magdir/linux

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# $File: linux,v 1.95 2025/07/12 14:30:14 christos Exp $
# linux:  file(1) magic for Linux files
#
# Values for Linux/i386 binaries, from Daniel Quinlan <quinlan@yggdrasil.com>
# The following basic Linux magic is useful for reference, but using
# "long" magic is a better practice in order to avoid collisions.
#
# 2	leshort		100		Linux/i386
# >0	leshort		0407		impure executable (OMAGIC)
# >0	leshort		0410		pure executable (NMAGIC)
# >0	leshort		0413		demand-paged executable (ZMAGIC)
# >0	leshort		0314		demand-paged executable (QMAGIC)
#
0	lelong		0x00640107	Linux/i386 impure executable (OMAGIC)
>16	lelong		0		\b, stripped
0	lelong		0x00640108	Linux/i386 pure executable (NMAGIC)
>16	lelong		0		\b, stripped
0	lelong		0x0064010b	Linux/i386 demand-paged executable (ZMAGIC)
>16	lelong		0		\b, stripped
0	lelong		0x006400cc	Linux/i386 demand-paged executable (QMAGIC)
>16	lelong		0		\b, stripped
#
0	string		\007\001\000	Linux/i386 object file
>20	lelong		>0x1020		\b, DLL library
# Linux-8086 stuff:
0	string		\01\03\020\04	Linux-8086 impure executable
>28	long		!0		not stripped
0	string		\01\03\040\04	Linux-8086 executable
>28	long		!0		not stripped
#
0	string		\243\206\001\0	Linux-8086 object file
#
0	string		\01\03\020\20	Minix-386 impure executable
>28	long		!0		not stripped
0	string		\01\03\040\20	Minix-386 executable
>28	long		!0		not stripped
0	string		\01\03\04\20	Minix-386 NSYM/GNU executable
>28	long		!0		not stripped
# core dump file, from Bill Reynolds <bill@goshawk.lanl.gov>
216	lelong		0421		Linux/i386 core file
!:strength / 2
>220	string		>\0		of '%s'
>200	lelong		>0		(signal %d)
#
# LILO boot/chain loaders, from Daniel Quinlan <quinlan@yggdrasil.com>
# this can be overridden by the DOS executable (COM) entry
2	string		LILO		Linux/i386 LILO boot/chain loader
#
# Linux make config build file, from Ole Aamot <oka@oka.no>
# Updated by Ken Sharp
28	string		make\ config		Linux make config build file (old)
49	search/70	Kernel\ Configuration	Linux make config build file

#
# PSF fonts, from H. Peter Anvin <hpa@yggdrasil.com>
# Updated by Adam Buchbinder <adam.buchbinder@gmail.com>
# See: https://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/linux/kbd/font-formats-1.html
0	leshort		0x0436		Linux/i386 PC Screen Font v1 data,
>2	byte&0x01	0		256 characters,
>2	byte&0x01	!0		512 characters,
>2	byte&0x02	0		no directory,
>2	byte&0x02	!0		Unicode directory,
>3	byte		>0		8x%d
0	string		\x72\xb5\x4a\x86\x00\x00 Linux/i386 PC Screen Font v2 data,
>16	lelong		x		%d characters,
>12	lelong&0x01	0		no directory,
>12	lelong&0x01	!0		Unicode directory,
>28	lelong		x		%d
>24	lelong		x		\bx%d

# Linux swap and hibernate files
# Linux kernel: include/linux/swap.h
# util-linux: libblkid/src/superblocks/swap.c

# format v0, unsupported since 2002
0xff6	string		SWAP-SPACE	Linux old swap file, 4k page size
0x1ff6	string		SWAP-SPACE	Linux old swap file, 8k page size
0x3ff6	string		SWAP-SPACE	Linux old swap file, 16k page size
0x7ff6	string		SWAP-SPACE	Linux old swap file, 32k page size
0xfff6	string		SWAP-SPACE	Linux old swap file, 64k page size

# format v1, supported since 1998
0		name	linux-swap
>0x400	lelong		1	little endian, version %u,
>>0x404	lelong		x	size %u pages,
>>0x408	lelong		x	%u bad pages,
>0x400	belong		1	big endian, version %u,
>>0x404	belong		x	size %u pages,
>>0x408	belong		x	%u bad pages,
>0x41c	string		\0	no label,
>0x41c	string		>\0	LABEL=%s,
>0x40c	ubelong		x	UUID=%08x
>0x410	ubeshort	x	\b-%04x
>0x412	ubeshort	x	\b-%04x
>0x414	ubeshort	x	\b-%04x
>0x416	ubelong		x	\b-%08x
>0x41a	ubeshort	x	\b%04x

0xff6	string		SWAPSPACE2	Linux swap file, 4k page size,
>0		use			linux-swap
0x1ff6	string		SWAPSPACE2	Linux swap file, 8k page size,
>0		use			linux-swap
0x3ff6	string		SWAPSPACE2	Linux swap file, 16k page size,
>0		use			linux-swap
0x7ff6	string		SWAPSPACE2	Linux swap file, 32k page size,
>0		use			linux-swap
0xfff6	string		SWAPSPACE2	Linux swap file, 64k page size,
>0		use			linux-swap

0	name	linux-hibernate
>0	string	S1SUSPEND	\b, with SWSUSP1 image
>0	string	S2SUSPEND	\b, with SWSUSP2 image
>0	string	ULSUSPEND	\b, with uswsusp image
>0	string	LINHIB0001	\b, with compressed hibernate image
>0	string	\xed\xc3\x02\xe9\x98\x56\xe5\x0c	\b, with tuxonice image
>0	default	x			\b, with unknown hibernate image

0xfec	string		SWAPSPACE2	Linux swap file, 4k page size,
>0		use			linux-swap
>0xff6	use			linux-hibernate
0x1fec	string		SWAPSPACE2	Linux swap file, 8k page size,
>0		use			linux-swap
>0x1ff6	use			linux-hibernate
0x3fec	string		SWAPSPACE2	Linux swap file, 16k page size,
>0		use			linux-swap
>0x3ff6	use			linux-hibernate
0x7fec	string		SWAPSPACE2	Linux swap file, 32k page size,
>0		use			linux-swap
>0x7ff6	use			linux-hibernate
0xffec	string		SWAPSPACE2	Linux swap file, 64k page size,
>0		use			linux-swap
>0xfff6	use			linux-hibernate

#
# Linux kernel boot images, from Albert Cahalan <acahalan@cs.uml.edu>
# and others such as Axel Kohlmeyer <akohlmey@rincewind.chemie.uni-ulm.de>
# and Nicolas Lichtmaier <nick@debian.org>
# and Joerg Jenderek [unifying + more kernel info]
# many start with: b8 c0 07 8e d8 b8 00 90 8e c0 b9 00 01 29 f6 29
# by assembler instructions like: movw $0x07c0,%ax; movw %ax,%ds; movw $0x9000,%ax; movw %ax,%es; movw $0x0001,%cx; subw %si,%si; subw
# Linux kernel boot images (i386 arch) (Wolfram Kleff)
# URL: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/x86/boot.txt
514	string		HdrS		Linux kernel
# to display Linux kernel (strength=125=70+55) after VBR boot sector (130=70+60) but before DOS/MBR IPL (115=50+65), MBR boot sector (105=40+65) via ./filesystem
# before MZ PE32 executable (EFI application) (strength=50) and before DOS executable (COM) (strength=40) with start instruction 0xe9 via ./msdos
!:strength + 55
# often no extension like in linux, vmlinuz, bzimage or memdisk but sometimes
# Acronis Recovery kernel64.dat and Plop Boot Manager plpbtrom.bin
# DamnSmallLinux 1.5 damnsmll.lnx 
#!:mime	application/octet-stream
!:mime	application/x-linux-kernel
!:ext	/dat/bin/lnx
# GRR: does there exist here samples without 55AA boot signature? I believe NO (Joerg Jenderek)
>510	leshort		0xAA55		x86 boot executable
>>0		use	kernel-info
# show information about Linux kernel (root, swap device, vga modus, boot protocol, setup size, init_size, EFI entry point)
0		name	kernel-info
# like: plpbtrom.bin
# After 16 bit jump instruction Hi, are you searching something? This is the Plop Boot Manager written by Elmar Hanlhofer http?://www.plop.at
>48	string		Plop\040Boot\040Manager		from PLOP Boot Manager
# dummy test below 512 limit (for LILO 24.2 bootsect.b) to get same magic indention level like in v 1.85
# and display comma before zImage/bzImage or version
>498	leshort		x		\b,
# boot protocol option flags valid since boot protocol >= 2.00
>>518	leshort		>0x1ff
# loadflags bit 0 (read); LOADED_HIGH; if 0, the protected-mode code is loaded at 0x10000
>>>529	ubyte&0x01	0		zImage,
# loadflags bit 0 (read); LOADED_HIGH; if 1, the protected-mode code is loaded at 0x100000; that implies is_bzImage
>>>529	ubyte&0x01	1		bzImage,
# kernel_version; since protocol 2.00 if not zero 2 byte pointer to kernel version string -200h; should be < 200h*setup_sects
# 0h (ldntldr.bin plpbtrom.bin) 260h (memtest32.bin memtest64.bin) 3b0h (memdisk16.bin) 890h (damnsmll.lnx) 3400h (linux64) 3640h (linux)
#>>>526	uleshort	x		kernel_version=%#4.4x
>>>526	uleshort	>0
# GRR: \353fHdrS\003\002 wrong shown if kernel_version=0 like in ldntldr.bin (GRUB for DOS)
>>>>(526.s+0x200) string	>\0	version %s,
# 498 MasterBootRecord 4th partition entry partition type (0~empty 1~FAT12) done by ./filesystems
# 499 MasterBootRecord 4th partition entry end heads done by ./filesystems
# root_flags; if set (=1), the root is mounted readonly; deprecated, use the "ro" or "rw" option on the command line instead	
#>>498	uleshort	>1		root_flags=%u
>>498	leshort		1		RO-rootFS,
>>498	leshort		0		RW-rootFS,
# root_dev; default root device number like 0 301h (/dev/hda1 damnsmll.lnx) 380h (/dev/hd?? linux-elks); deprecated and replaced by command line option root=
>>508	leshort		>0		root_dev %#X,
# since protocol 2.04 the 2 upper bytes of long syssize and not swap_dev any more
>>518	uleshort	<0x204
# 502-505 MasterBootRecord 4th partition entry 1st LBA sector done by ./filesystems
>>>502	leshort		>0		swap_dev %#X,
>>504	leshort		>0		RAMdisksize %u KB,
# 506-509 MasterBootRecord 4th partition entry sectors in partition done by ./filesystems
>>506	leshort		0xFFFF		Normal VGA
>>506	leshort		0xFFFE		Extended VGA
>>506	leshort		0xFFFD		Prompt for Videomode
>>506	leshort		>0		Video mode %d
# more kernel information added by Joerg Jenderek 2023
# if needed display comma after video mode and before setup_sects
>>506	leshort		>-4
>>>506	leshort		!0		\b,
# setup_sects; if field contains 0, the real value is 4; size of the setup in sectors like:
# 0 (memdisk16.bin) 1 (ldntldr.bin) 2 (memtest32.bin memtest64.bin) 4 (plpbtrom.bin linux-elks) 8 (bootsect.b) 10 (damnsmll.lnx) 25 27 (linux64) 29 30 31 33 (linux)
# MasterBootRecord 4th partition entry start cylinder bits 0-7 done by ./filesystems
>>497	ubyte		!0		setup size 512*%u
>>497	ubyte		=0		setup size 512*4 (not 0)
# 500 MasterBootRecord 4th partition entry end sectors+cylinder bits 8-9 done by ./filesystems
# 501 MasterBootRecord 4th partition entry end cylinder bits 0-7 done by ./filesystems
# syssize; 32-bit code size in 16-byte paragraphs; since protocol 2.04 long before unreliable short
>>518	uleshort	<0x204		\b,
# 0 (ldntldr.bin) 0 (memdisk16.bin) f180h (damnsmll.lnx)
>>>500	uleshort	x		syssize %#x
>>518	uleshort	>0x203		\b,
# 0 (plpbtrom.bin) 1270h (linux-elks) 217eh (memtest32.bin) 22deh (memtest64.bin) 2c01h (memtest86+.bin) 459c6h (linux misinterpreted as swap_dev 0X4) 70c32h (linux64 misinterpreted as swap_dev 0X7)
>>>500	ulelong		x		syssize %#x
# jump; jump instruction relative to byte 0x202
>>512	ubyte		=0xEB		\b, jump
# jump adress like: 0x230 (damnsmll.lnx) 0x240 (memdisk16.bin) 0x268 (memtest32.bin memtest64.bin ldntldr.bin linux AFTER handover offset) 0x26c (linux64)
>>>513	byte+2		x		0x2%2.2x
# next instruction like:
# b800088ec00fb60e	mov ax,0x0800; mov es,ax; movzx cx,byte []					memdisk16.bin
# 8cc88ed88ec0e88b00	movw %cs,%ax; movw %ax,%ds; movw %ax,%es; call get_mem_info			memtest32.bin
# 8cc88ed88ec0e88b00	movw %cs,%ax; movw %ax,%ds; movw %ax,%es; call get_mem_info			memtest64.bin
>>>(513.b+514)		ubequad		x	%#16.16llx instruction
# without jump instruction like: 0 (bootsect-lilo-24.2.b EOF!) 0xb8 (mov linux-elks) 0xfa (cli memtest86+.bin)
>>512	ubyte		!0xEB		\b, at 0x200 %#x instruction
# boot protocol version field valid since version >= 2.00 which is indicated by HdrS magic
# so skip memtest86+.bin with misinterpreted protocol 144.0 (0x9000)
>>514	string		HdrS		\b,
# Boot protocol version; 2.3 (ldntldr.bin damnsmll.lnx) 2.6 (plpbtrom.bin) 2.10 2.11 (linux) 2.12 (memtest32.bin) 2.13 2.15 (linux64)
>>>519	ubyte		x		protocol %u
>>>518	ubyte		x		\b.%u
# boot protocol in hexadecimal needed for addtional tests
#>>>518	uleshort	x		(%#4.4x)
# type_of_loader; Boot loader identifier; filled out by the bootloader
>>>528		ubyte		>0	\b, loader %#x
# loadflags; boot protocol option flags
#>>>529	ubyte		x		loadflags=%#x
# loadflags bit 1 (kernel internal); KASLR_FLAG KASLR status to kernel
>>>529	ubyte&0x02	!0		\b, KASLR enabled
# loadflags bit 5 (write); QUIET_FLAG
>>>529	ubyte&0x20	!0		\b, quiet
# loadflags bit 6 (write) since boot protocal version >= 2.07; KEEP_SEGMENTS
>>>518	uleshort	>0x206
>>>>529	ubyte&0x40	!0		\b, keep segments
# loadflags bit 7 (write); CAN_USE_HEAP
>>>529	ubyte&0x80	!0		\b, can use heap
# payload_offset; since boot protocol 2.08 if non-zero contains offset of the protected-mode code to the payload like: cdh (linux) 40dh (linux64)
>>>518	uleshort	>0x207
>>>>584	ulelong		>0		\b, from protected-mode code at offset %#x
# payload_length; since boot protocol 2.08 the length of the payload like: 452c41h (linux) 6fb644h (linux64)
>>>>>588 ulelong	x		%#x bytes
# jump setup size sectors a 512 bytes from kernel beginning
>>>>>(497.b*512)	ubequad	x
#>>>>>(497.b*512)	ubequad	x	512BYTES_BEFORE_PROTECTED-MODE_CODE=%#16.16llx
# jump payload_offset bytes + 512 bytes (for boot sector) - 8 (ubequad length) to payload start
#>>>>>>&(584.l+504) ubeshort	x	PAYLOAD=%#4.4x
# supported compression formats are gzip (magic numbers 1F8B or 1F9E linux) bzip2 (425A), LZMA (5D00 linux64), XZ (FD37) LZ4 (0221) ZST v0.8+ (28B5)
>>>>>>&(584.l+504) ubeshort	=0x1F8B	gzip compressed
>>>>>>&(584.l+504) ubeshort	=0x1F9E	gzip compressed
>>>>>>&(584.l+504) ubeshort	=0x425A	bzip2 compressed
>>>>>>&(584.l+504) ubeshort	=0x5D00	LZMA compressed
>>>>>>&(584.l+504) ubeshort	=0xFD37	XZ compressed
>>>>>>&(584.l+504) ubeshort	=0x0221	LZ4 compressed
>>>>>>&(584.l+504) ubeshort	=0x28B5	ZST compressed
# TODO: handle compressed data by ./compress; difficulties with leading space and duplicate gzip compressed
#>>>>>>&(584.l+504) indirect	x	COMPRESS_NOT_WORKING
# setup_move_size; for protocol 2.00-2.01; bytes starting with the beginning of the boot sector
# like: 0 (ldntldr.bin memdisk16.bin memtest32.bin memtest64.bin plpbtrom.bin) 8000h (damnsmll.lnx linux linux64)
>>>518	uleshort	<0x202
>>>>518	uleshort	>0x1FF
>>>>530	uleshort	x		\b, setup_move_size %#4.4x
# code32_start; address to jump to in protected mode like: 100000h (linux linux64 memtest32.bin memtest64.bin)
#>>>>532	ulelong		>0		\b, code32_start %#x
# kernel_alignment; since boot protocol 2.05 alignment unit required by the kernel (if relocatable_kernel is true) like: 0 (plptrom.bin) 1000h (memtest32.bin memtest64.bin) 200000h (linux) 1000000h (linux64)
#>>>518	uleshort	>0x204
#>>>>560	ulelong		x		\b, kernel_alignment %#x
# relocatable_kernel; since boot protocol 2.05 the protected-mode part of the kernel can be loaded at any address if this field is nonzero
>>>518	uleshort	>0x204
>>>>564	ubyte		=1		\b, relocatable
#>>>>564	ubyte		x		\b, relocatable_kernel=%u
# min_alignment; since boot protocol 2.10 if nonzero, indicates as a power of two the minimum alignment required like: 12 (4 KB memtest32.bin memtest64.bin) 13 (8 KB linux) 21 (2 MB linux64)
#>>>518	uleshort	>0x209
#>>>>565	ubyte		>0		\b, min_alignment %u
# xloadflags; since boot protocol 2.12 like: 3fh (linux64 unexpected value) 4h(memtest32.bin) 9h(memtest64.bin)
>>>518	uleshort	>0x20B
#>>>>566	uleshort	x		\b, xloadflags=%#4.4x
# handover_offset; offset from beginning of kernel image to EFI handover protocol entry point like:
# 0 (damnsmll.lnx ldntldr.bin) 10h (memtest32.bin memtest64.bin) 30h (linux) 190h (linux64) 8e9000b8h (plpbtrom.bin INVALID!)
# this value makes only sense when 32 or 64-bit EFI handoff entry point
>>>>566	uleshort&0x000C	!0		\b, handover offset
>>>>>612 ulelong	x		%#x
# Bit 0 XLF_KERNEL_64; if 1, this kernel has the legacy 64-bit entry point at 0x200
>>>>566	uleshort&0x0001	!0		\b, legacy 64-bit entry point
# Bit 1 XLF_CAN_BE_LOADED_ABOVE_4G; if 1, kernel/boot_params/cmdline/ramdisk can be above 4G
>>>>566	uleshort&0x0002	!0		\b, can be above 4G
# Bit 2 XLF_EFI_HANDOVER_32; if 1, the kernel supports the 32-bit EFI handoff entry point
>>>>566	uleshort&0x0004	!0		\b, 32-bit EFI handoff entry point
# Bit 3 XLF_EFI_HANDOVER_64; if 1, the kernel supports the 64-bit EFI handoff entry point
>>>>566	uleshort&0x0008	!0		\b, 64-bit EFI handoff entry point
# Bit 4 EFI_KEXEC; if 1, the kernel supports kexec EFI boot with EFI runtime support
>>>>566	uleshort&0x0010	!0		\b, EFI kexec boot support
# GRR: What does bit 5 mean?
>>>>566	uleshort&0x0020	!0		\b, xloadflags bit 5
# cmdline_size; since boot protocol 2.06 maximum size of the kernel command line like: 255 (memtest32.bin memtest64.bin) 2047 (linux linux64 plpbtrom); version <= 2.06 maximum was 255
>>>518	uleshort	>0x205
>>>>568	ulelong		x		\b, max cmdline size %u
# hardware_subarch; since boot protocol 2.07 hardware subarchtecture like: 0~default x86 1~lguest 2~Xen 3~Moorestown 4~CE4100 TV
>>>518	uleshort	>0x206
>>>>572	ulelong		>0		\b, hardware_subarch %u
# hardware_subarch_data; since boot protocol 2.07 pointer to data specific for hardware subarch; unused for default x86
>>>>>576 ulequad	>0		\b, hardware_subarch_data %#llx
# setup_data; since boot protocol 2.09 64-bit physical pointer to NULL terminated single linked list of struct setup_data
>>>518	uleshort	>0x208
>>>>592	ulequad		>0		\b, setup_data %16.16llx
# pref_address; since boot protocol 2.10 if nonzero preferred load address for kernel like: 100000h (memtest32.bin memtest64.bin) 200000h (linux) 1000000h (linux64)
#>>>518	uleshort	>0x209
#>>>>600	ulequad		>0		\b, pref_address %#llx
# init_size; since boot protocol 2.10 indicates amount of contiguous memory kernel needs before it is capable of examining its memory map
# like: 0h (damnsmll.lnx) 687f8h (memtest32.bin) 6acf8h (memtest64.bin) aa3000h (linux) 2514000h (linux64) 67ea0000h (memdisk16.bin INVALID) a4f3f2ffh (plpbtrom.bin INVALID) ffffff80h (ldntldr.bin INVALID)
>>>518	uleshort	>0x209
>>>>608	ulelong		x		\b, init_size %#x
# This also matches new kernels, which were caught above by "HdrS".
# but also few samples without "HdrS" magic like: bootsect-lilo-24.2.b linux-elks memtest86+.bin
# URL:		https://tldp.org/HOWTO/Linux-i386-Boot-Code-HOWTO/bootsect.html
#0		belong	0xb8c0078e	Linux kernel
0		belong	0xb8c0078e
# to display Linux x86 kernel or Linux ELKS Kernel (strength=70=70+0) after VBR boot sector (130=70+60) DOS/MBR IPL (115=50+65), MBR boot sector (105=40+65) via ./filesystem
#!:strength +0
# "newer" kernel (with HdrS magic) already done before
>514	string		HdrS
# so handle "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic)
>514	default	x			Linux
#!:mime	application/octet-stream
!:mime	application/x-linux-kernel
# GRR: in file 5.45 remaining default clause not working for samples with size = 512 like LILO 24.2 bootsect.b
>>0	belong	x
# ELKS kernel variant is now unified with other "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic)
>>0x1e6		belong		=0x454c4b53	ELKS Kernel
!:ext	/
# "old" kernel variant and not ELKS
>>0x1e6		belong		!0x454c4b53	x86 kernel
!:ext	/b/bin
# show kernel version information based on "Loading" message offset
>>0		use	kernel-version-old1
# unified "old" variant with start instruction \xb8\xc0\x07\x8e\xd8\xb8\x00\x90 
>>4		string		\xd8\xb8\x00\x90
# show kernel version information part 2 for "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) based on new HdrS field
>>>0		use	kernel-version-old2
# show kernel version information part 3 for "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) based on new HdrS field
>>>0		use	kernel-version-old3
# show common kernel information 
>>0		use	kernel-info
# show kernel version information part 1 for "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) based on "Loading" message offset
0		name	kernel-version-old1
>0x1e3		string	Loading		version 1.3.79 or older
>0x1e9		string	Loading		from prehistoric times
# LILO 24.2-5.1 bootsect.b
>0x1c5		string	Loading			from LILO 24.2
# Memtest86 5.31b memtest86+.bin
>0x1d2		string	Loading			from Memtest86 5.31b
# DamnSmallLinux kernel version 2.4.26 damnsmll.lnx not needed because done by kernel_version pointer
#>0x1cb		string	Loading			damnsmll.lnx 2.4.26~
# Memtest86+ v6.20 memtest32.bin not needed because done by kernel_version pointer
#>0x1c6		string	Loading\040Memtest86+	from Memtest86+ v6.20

# System.map files - Nicolas Lichtmaier <nick@debian.org>
8	search/1	\ A\ _text	Linux kernel symbol map text

# LSM entries - Nicolas Lichtmaier <nick@debian.org>
0	search/1	Begin3	Linux Software Map entry text
0	search/1	Begin4	Linux Software Map entry text (new format)

# From Matt Zimmerman, enhanced for v3 by Matthew Palmer
0	belong	0x4f4f4f4d	User-mode Linux COW file
>4	belong	<3		\b, version %d
>>8	string	>\0		\b, backing file %s
>4	belong	>2		\b, version %d
>>32	string	>\0		\b, backing file %s

############################################################################
# Linux kernel versions

# apply only to "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) like damnsmll.lnx memtest86+.bin
# wrong (497 setup_sects 498 root_flags) and now already done by 1st unified "old" kernel variant
#0		string		\xb8\xc0\x07\x8e\xd8\xb8\x00\x90	Linux
0		string		\xb8\xc0\x07\x8e\xd8\xb8\x00\x90foo	OLD_VARIANT Linux
>497		leshort		0		x86 boot sector
>>0		use	kernel-version-old2
>497		leshort		!0		x86 kernel
# not needed any more because information is now shown by common kernel-info with other phrases
>>0		use	kernel-info-old
# kernel version information part 3 for "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) based on HdrS field
>>0		use	kernel-version-old3
>>0		use	kernel-version-4
# version information part 2 for "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) based on new HdrS field
0		name	kernel-version-old2
# dummy test to get same magic indention level like in v 1.85
>518		leshort		x
>>514		belong		0x8e	of a kernel from the dawn of time!
>>514		belong		0x908ed8b4	version 0.99-1.1.42
>>514		belong		0x908ed8b8	for memtest86
# dummy test function to get same magic indention level like in v 1.85
0		name	kernel-version-dummy
>497		leshort		!0		x86 kernel
# not needed any more because information is now shown by kernel-info
#>0		use	kernel-info-old
>>0		use	kernel-info
# kernel version information part 3 for "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) based on HdrS field
>0		use	kernel-version-old3
# deprecated because same information is shown by kernel-info with other phrases
0		name	kernel-info-old
# dummy test to get same magic indention level like in v 1.85
>504		leshort		x
>>504		leshort		>0		RAMdisksize=%u KB
>>502		leshort		>0		swap=%#X
>>508		leshort		>0		root=%#X
>>>498		leshort		1		\b-ro
>>>498		leshort		0		\b-rw
>>506		leshort		0xFFFF		vga=normal
>>506		leshort		0xFFFE		vga=extended
>>506		leshort		0xFFFD		vga=ask
>>506		leshort		>0		vga=%d
# kernel version information part 3 for "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic) based on HdrS field
0		name	kernel-version-old3
# dummy test to get same magic indention level like in v 1.85
>514		belong		x
>>514		belong		0x908ed881	version 1.1.43-1.1.45
>>514		belong		0x15b281cd
>>>0xa8e	belong		0x55AA5a5a	version 1.1.46-1.2.13,1.3.0
>>>0xa99	belong		0x55AA5a5a	version 1.3.1,2
>>>0xaa3	belong		0x55AA5a5a	version 1.3.3-1.3.30
>>>0xaa6	belong		0x55AA5a5a	version 1.3.31-1.3.41
>>>0xb2b	belong		0x55AA5a5a	version 1.3.42-1.3.45
>>>0xaf7	belong		0x55AA5a5a	version 1.3.46-1.3.72
# show kernel version information part 4 for kernel variant (with HdrS magic) based on "HdrS" field
# not needed any more because information is now shown by common kernel-info
0		name	kernel-version-4
# dummy test to get same magic indention level like in v 1.85
>518		leshort		x
>>514		string		HdrS
>>>518		leshort		>0x1FF
>>>>529		byte		0		\b, zImage
>>>>529		byte		1		\b, bzImage
# GRR: Not valid if kernel_version=0
>>>>(526.s+0x200) string 	>\0		\b, version %s

# Linux boot sector thefts.
# ELKS kernel variant is now unified with above "old" kernel variant (without HdrS magic)
#0		belong		0xb8c0078e	Linux
# display "Linux ELKS Kernel" or "Linux style boot sector" (strength=70) after DOS/MBR IPL (115=50+65) and MBR boot sector (105=40+65) via ./filesystem
#!:strength +0
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embeddable_Linux_Kernel_Subset
# https://github.com/jbruchon/elks/releases/download/v0.6.0/fd2880-fat.img/linux
#>0x1e6		belong		0x454c4b53	ELKS Kernel
#>0x1e6		belong		!0x454c4b53	style boot sector

############################################################################
# Linux S390 kernel image
# Created by: Jan Kaluza <jkaluza@redhat.com>
# Update: Jens Remus <jremus@linux.ibm.com> based on Vasily Gorbik <gor@linux.ibm.com>
# Linux kernel: arch/s390/boot/head.S and arch/s390/include/asm/setup.h
8 string \x02\x00\x00\x18\x60\x00\x00\x50\x02\x00\x00\x68\x60\x00\x00\x50\x40\x40\x40\x40\x40\x40\x40\x40 Linux S390
>0x00010000 search/b/4096 \x00\x0a\x00\x00\x8b\xad\xcc\xcc
# 64bit
>>&0 string \xc1\x00\xef\xe3\xf0\x68\x00\x00 Z10 64bit kernel
>>&0 string \xc1\x00\xef\xc3\x00\x00\x00\x00 Z9-109 64bit kernel
>>&0 string \xc0\x00\x20\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00 Z990 64bit kernel
>>&0 string \x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00 Z900 64bit kernel
# 32bit
>>&0 string \x81\x00\xc8\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00 Z10 32bit kernel
>>&0 string \x81\x00\xc8\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00 Z9-109 32bit kernel
>>&0 string \x80\x00\x20\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00 Z990 32bit kernel
>>&0 string \x80\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00 Z900 32bit kernel
# Linux kernel v3.2+
>0x10008	string		S390EP
# Linux kernel v5.3+
>>0x10428	ubequad		>0
>>>(0x10428.Q)	string		>\0	\b, version %s


############################################################################
# Linux ARM compressed kernel image
# From: Kevin Cernekee <cernekee@gmail.com>
# Update: Joerg Jenderek
# Update: Luke T. Shumaker
0	name	arm-zimage
# Version indicators
>0x34	lelong	0x45454545	(kernel >=v4.15)
>0x34	lelong	!0x45454545
>>0x30	clear	x
>>0x30	belong	0x04030201	(kernel >=v3.17, <v4.15)
>>0x30	lelong	0x04030201	(kernel >=v3.17, <v4.15)
>>0x30	default x	(kernel <v3.17)
# Endianness indicators
#
# The kernel has 3 endianness modes: little-endian, and 2 variants of
# big-endian: BE-32 (ARMv5) and BE-8 (ARMv6+).
#
# In kernels <v3.17:
#  - the 0x016f2818 @ 0x24 magic number indicates big-endian or
#    little-endian (can't distinguish between BE-8 and BE-32)
# In kernels >=v3.17:
#  - a new 0x04030201 @ 0x30 magic number indicates big-endian or
#    little-endian, but doesn't distinguish between BE-8 and BE-32
#  - the old 0x016f2818 @ 0x24 magic number is little-endian for
#    LE *and* BE-8, or big-endian for BE-32
#
# >=v3.17
>0x30	clear	x
>0x30	belong	0x04030201	(big-endian,
>>0x24	belong	0x016f2818	BE-32, ARMv5)
>>0x24	lelong	0x016f2818	BE-8, ARMv6+)
>0x30	lelong	0x04030201	(little-endian)
# <v3.17
>0x30	default x
>>0x24	lelong	0x016f2818	(little-endian)
>>0x24	belong	0x016f2818	(big-endian)

0x24	lelong	0x016f2818	Linux kernel ARM boot executable zImage
>0	use	arm-zimage
0x24	belong	0x016f2818	Linux kernel ARM boot executable zImage
>0	use	arm-zimage

############################################################################
# Linux AARCH64 kernel image
0x38    lelong  0x644d5241  Linux kernel ARM64 boot executable Image
>0x18   lelong  ^1          \b, little-endian
>0x18   lelong  &1          \b, big-endian
>0x18   lelong  &2          \b, 4K pages
>0x18   lelong  &4          \b, 16K pages
>0x18   lelong  &6          \b, 32K pages

############################################################################
# Linux kernel (arm64/riscv/loongarch) EFI executable (zstd/gzip) compressed zboot Image
# from: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/drivers/firmware/efi/libstub/zboot-header.S
0	string	MZ\0\0zimg
>0x40   string	PE\0\0		Linux kernel
>>&0	leshort	0xAA64		ARM64 EFI executable
>>&0	leshort	0x5032          RISC-V32 EFI executable
>>&0	leshort	0x5064          RISC-V64 EFI executable
>>&0	leshort	0x6264          LoongArch64 EFI executable
>>0x18 string	>0		%s compressed zboot Image

############################################################################
# Linux RISC-V kernel image
0x38	string	RSC\05		Linux kernel RISC-V boot executable Image
>0x18	lelong	^1		\b, little-endian
>0x18	lelong	&1		\b, big-endian

############################################################################
# Linux 8086 executable
0	lelong&0xFF0000FF 0xC30000E9	Linux-Dev86 executable, headerless
>5	string		.
>>4	string		>\0		\b, libc version %s

0	lelong&0xFF00FFFF 0x4000301	Linux-8086 executable
>2	byte&0x01	!0		\b, unmapped zero page
>2	byte&0x20	0		\b, impure
>2	byte&0x20	!0
>>2	byte&0x10	!0		\b, A_EXEC
>2	byte&0x02	!0		\b, A_PAL
>2	byte&0x04	!0		\b, A_NSYM
>2	byte&0x08	!0		\b, A_STAND
>2	byte&0x40	!0		\b, A_PURE
>2	byte&0x80	!0		\b, A_TOVLY
>28     long            !0              \b, not stripped
>37	string		.
>>36	string		>\0		\b, libc version %s

# 0	lelong&0xFF00FFFF 0x10000301	ld86 I80386 executable
# 0	lelong&0xFF00FFFF 0xB000301	ld86 M68K executable
# 0	lelong&0xFF00FFFF 0xC000301	ld86 NS16K executable
# 0	lelong&0xFF00FFFF 0x17000301	ld86 SPARC executable

# SYSLINUX boot logo files (from 'ppmtolss16' sources)
# https://www.syslinux.org/wiki/index.php/SYSLINUX#Display_graphic_from_filename:
# file extension .lss .16
0	lelong	=0x1413f33d		SYSLINUX' LSS16 image data
# syslinux-4.05/mime/image/x-lss16.xml
!:mime image/x-lss16
>4	leshort	x			\b, width %d
>6	leshort	x			\b, height %d

0	string	OOOM			User-Mode-Linux's Copy-On-Write disk image
>4	belong	x			version %d

# SE Linux policy database
# From: Mike Frysinger <vapier@gentoo.org>
0	lelong	0xf97cff8c		SE Linux policy
>16	lelong	x			v%d
>20	lelong	1			MLS
>24	lelong	x			%d symbols
>28	lelong	x			%d ocons

# Linux Logical Volume Manager (LVM)
# Emmanuel VARAGNAT <emmanuel.varagnat@guzu.net>
#
# System ID, UUID and volume group name are 128 bytes long
# but they should never be full and initialized with zeros...
#
# LVM1
#
0x0	string/b	HM\001		LVM1 (Linux Logical Volume Manager), version 1
>0x12c	string/b	>\0		, System ID: %s

0x0	string/b	HM\002		LVM1 (Linux Logical Volume Manager), version 2
>0x12c	string/b	>\0		, System ID: %s

#  LVM2
#
# It seems that the label header can be in one the four first sector
# of the disk... (from _find_labeller in lib/label/label.c of LVM2)
#
# 0x200 seems to be the common case
0		name	lvm2
# display UUID in LVM format + display all 32 bytes (instead of max string length: 31)
>0x0          string  >\x2f          \b, UUID: %.6s
>0x6          string  >\x2f          \b-%.4s
>0xa          string  >\x2f          \b-%.4s
>0xe          string  >\x2f          \b-%.4s
>0x12         string  >\x2f          \b-%.4s
>0x16         string  >\x2f          \b-%.4s
>0x1a         string  >\x2f          \b-%.6s
>0x20         lequad  x              \b, size: %lld


# read the offset to add to the start of the header, and the header
# start in 0x200
0x218           string/b  LVM2\ 001      LVM2 PV (Linux Logical Volume Manager)
>&(&-12.l-0x20) use	lvm2

0x018           string/b  LVM2\ 001      LVM2 PV (Linux Logical Volume Manager)
>&(&-12.l-0x20) use	lvm2

0x418           string/b  LVM2\ 001      LVM2 PV (Linux Logical Volume Manager)
>&(&-12.l-0x20) use	lvm2

0x618           string/b  LVM2\ 001      LVM2 PV (Linux Logical Volume Manager)
>&(&-12.l-0x20) use	lvm2

# LVM snapshot
# from Jason Farrel
0	string	SnAp	LVM Snapshot (CopyOnWrite store)
>4	lelong	!0	- valid,
>4	lelong	0	- invalid,
>8	lelong	x	version %d,
>12	lelong	x	chunk_size %d

# Summary: Xen saved domain file
# Created by: Radek Vokal <rvokal@redhat.com>
0	string		LinuxGuestRecord	Xen saved domain
>20	search/256	(name
>>&1	string		x			(name %s)

# Systemd journald files
# See https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/journal-files/.
# From: Zbigniew Jedrzejewski-Szmek <zbyszek@in.waw.pl>
# Update: 	Joerg Jenderek
# URL:		https://systemd.io/JOURNAL_FILE_FORMAT/
# Reference:	http://mark0.net/download/triddefs_xml.7z/defs/j/journal-sysd.trid.xml
# Note:		called "systemd journal" by TrID
#		verified by `journalctl --file=user-1000.journal`
# check magic signature[8]
0	string	LPKSHHRH
# check that state is one of known values
# STATE_OFFLINE~0 STATE_ONLINE~1 STATE_ARCHIVED~2
>16		ubyte&252	0
# check that each half of three unique id128s is non-zero
# file_id
>>24		ubequad		>0
>>>32		ubequad		>0
# machine_id
>>>>40		ubequad		>0
>>>>>48		ubequad		>0
# boot_id; last writer
>>>>>>56	ubequad		>0
>>>>>>>64	ubequad		>0	Journal file
#!:mime application/octet-stream
!:mime application/x-linux-journal
# provide more info
# head_entry_realtime; contains a POSIX timestamp stored in microseconds
>>>>>>>>184	leqdate/1000000	!0	\b, %s
>>>>>>>>184	leqdate		0	empty
# If a file is closed after writing the state field should be set to STATE_OFFLINE
>>>>>>>>16	ubyte		0	\b,
# for offline and empty only journal~ extension found
>>>>>>>>>184	leqdate		0	offline
# https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/systemd-journald.service.8.html
# GRR: add char ~ inside parse_ext in ../../src/apprentice.c to avoid in file version 5.44 error like:
# Magdir/linux, 463: Warning: EXTENSION type `		journal~' has bad char '~'
!:ext		journal~
# for offline and non empty often *.journal~ but also user-1001.journal
>>>>>>>>>184	leqdate		!0	offline
!:ext		journal/journal~
# if a file is opened for writing the state field should be set to STATE_ONLINE
>>>>>>>>16	ubyte		1	\b,
# for online and empty only journal~ extension found
>>>>>>>>>184	leqdate		0	online
# system@0005febee06e2ff2-f7ea54d10e4346ff.journal~
!:ext		journal~
# for online and non empty only journal extension found
>>>>>>>>>184	leqdate		!0	online
# system.journal user-1000.journal
!:ext		journal
# after a file has been rotated it should be set to STATE_ARCHIVED
>>>>>>>>16	ubyte		2	\b, archived
!:ext		journal
# no *.journal~ found
#!:ext		journal/journal~
# compatible_flags
>>>>>>>>8	ulelong&1	1	\b, sealed
# incompatible_flags; COMPRESSED_XZ~1 COMPRESSED_LZ4~2 KEYED_HASH~4 COMPRESSED_ZSTD~8 COMPACT~16
#>>>>>>>>12	ulelong		x	FLAGS=%#x
>>>>>>>>12	ulelong&1	1	\b, compressed
>>>>>>>>12	ulelong&2	!0	\b, compressed lz4
>>>>>>>>12	ulelong&4	!0	\b, keyed hash siphash24
>>>>>>>>12	ulelong&8	!0	\b, compressed zstd
>>>>>>>>12	ulelong&16	!0	\b, compact
# uint8_t reserved[7]; apparently nil
#>>17		long		!0	\b, reserved %#8.8x
# seqnum_id; like: 0 e623691afec94b5aa968ae2d726c49cc f98b2af481924b29 8d6816ca3639edc6
#>>>>>>>>72	ubequad		x	\b, seqnum_id %#16.16llx
#>>>>>>>>80	ubequad		x	b%16.16llx
# header_size like: 100h
>>>>>>>>88	ulequad		!0x100h	\b, header size %#llx
# arena_size  like: 0 7fff00h ffff00h 17fff00h
#>>>>>>>>96	ulequad		>0	\b, arena size %#llx
# data_hash_table_offset like: 0 15f0h 15f0h
#>>>>>>>>104	ulequad		>0	\b, hash table offset %#llx
# data_hash_table_size like: 0 38e380h
#>>>>>>>>112	ulequad		>0	\b, hash table size %#llx
# field_hash_table_offset like: 0 110h
#>>>>>>>>120	ulequad		>0	\b, field hash table offset %#llx
# field_hash_table_size like: 0 14d0h
#>>>>>>>>128	ulequad		>0	\b, field hash table size %#llx
# tail_object_offset like: 0 43edd8h 511278h c68968h d487d0h efaa98h
#>>>>>>>>136	ulequad		>0	\b, tail object offset %#llx
# n_objects like: 0 1032h 5a2eh 92bdh a8b5h aa75h 112adh 40c23h 4714eh
#>>>>>>>>144	ulequad		>0	\b, objects %#llx
# n_entries like: 0 3aeh 235ah 2dc4h 3125h 16129h 187a1h
>>>>>>>>152	ulequad		>0	\b, entries %#llx
# tail_entry_seqnum like: 0 1988h 16249h 24c12h 24c12h 41e64h 9fefdh
#>>>>>>>>160	ulequad		>0	\b, tail entry seqnum %#llx
# head_entry_seqnum like: 0 1h 15dbh 6552h 213bfh 213bfh 3e672h 9a28ah
#>>>>>>>>168	ulequad		>0	\b, head entry seqnum %#llx
# entry_array_offset like: 0 390058h 3909d8h 3909e0h
#>>>>>>>>176	ulequad		>0	\b, entry array offset %#llx

# BCache backing and cache devices
# From: Gabriel de Perthuis <g2p.code@gmail.com>
0x1008		lequad		8
>0x1018		string		\xc6\x85\x73\xf6\x4e\x1a\x45\xca\x82\x65\xf5\x7f\x48\xba\x6d\x81	BCache
>>0x1010	ulequad		0	cache device
>>0x1010	ulequad		1	backing device
>>0x1010	ulequad		3	cache device
>>0x1010	ulequad		4	backing device
>>0x1048	string		>0	\b, label "%.32s"
>>0x1028	ubelong		x	\b, uuid %08x
>>0x102c	ubeshort	x	\b-%04x
>>0x102e	ubeshort	x	\b-%04x
>>0x1030	ubeshort	x	\b-%04x
>>0x1032	ubelong		x	\b-%08x
>>0x1036	ubeshort	x	\b%04x
>>0x1038	ubelong		x	\b, set uuid %08x
>>0x103c	ubeshort	x	\b-%04x
>>0x103e	ubeshort	x	\b-%04x
>>0x1040	ubeshort	x	\b-%04x
>>0x1042	ubelong		x	\b-%08x
>>0x1046	ubeshort	x	\b%04x

# Linux device tree:
# File format description can be found in the Linux kernel sources at
# Documentation/devicetree/booting-without-of.txt
# From Christoph Biedl
0		belong		0xd00dfeed
# structure must be within blob, strings are omitted to handle devicetrees > 1M
>&(8.L)		byte		x
>>20		belong		>1	Device Tree Blob version %d
>>>4		belong		x	\b, size=%d
>>>20		belong		>1
>>>>28		belong		x	\b, boot CPU=%d
>>>20		belong		>2
>>>>32		belong		x	\b, string block size=%d
>>>20		belong		>16
>>>>36		belong		x	\b, DT structure block size=%d

# glibc locale archive as defined in glibc locale/locarchive.h
0		lelong		0xde020109	locale archive
>24		lelong		x		%d strings

# Linux Software RAID (mdadm)
# Russell Coker <russell@coker.com.au>
0	name	linuxraid
>16	belong	x		UUID=%8x:
>20	belong	x		\b%8x:
>24	belong	x		\b%8x:
>28	belong	x		\b%8x
>32	string	x		name=%s
>72	lelong	x		level=%d
>92	lelong	x		disks=%d

4096	lelong	0xa92b4efc	Linux Software RAID
>4100	lelong	x		version 1.2 (%d)
>4096	use	linuxraid

0	lelong	0xa92b4efc	Linux Software RAID
>4	lelong	x		version 1.1 (%d)
>0	use	linuxraid

# Summary:     Database file for mlocate
# Description: A database file as used by mlocate, a fast implementation
#              of locate/updatedb. It uses merging to reuse the existing
#              database and avoid rereading most of the filesystem. It's
#              the default version of locate on Arch Linux (and others).
# File path:   /var/lib/mlocate/mlocate.db by default (but configurable)
# Site:        https://fedorahosted.org/mlocate/
# Format docs: https://linux.die.net/man/5/mlocate.db
# Type: mlocate database file
# URL:		https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locate_(Unix)
# URL:  https://fedorahosted.org/mlocate/
# From: Wander Nauta <info@wandernauta.nl>
# Update:	Joerg Jenderek
0		string		\0mlocate	mlocate database
#!:mime	application/octet-stream
!:mime	application/x-mlocate
# default mlocate.db if not overriden with --output option of updatedb
!:ext	db
# at the moment value is 0; a higher version will probably not occur, because mlocate is now often replaced by plocate
>12		byte		!0		\b, version %d
# configured with -l option of updatedb
>13		byte		1		\b, require visibility
# 2 byte pad for 32-bit total alignment 
#>14		short		!0		\b, padding %#x
# standard is 1 byte / if not overriden with --database-root option of updatedb
>16		string		x		\b, root %s
# 1st variable name nil terminated like: prune_bind_mounts
>>&1		string		x		\b, 1st variable %s
# 1st variable value like: 0 1
>>>&1		string		x		\b=%s
# configuration block size in big endian like: 82 85 174 181 185 483 491 496 497 556 600 
>8		ubelong		x		\b, configuration size %u

# URL:		https://plocate.sesse.net/
# Reference:	https://plocate.sesse.net/download/plocate-1.1.19.tar.gz
#		plocate-1.1.19/db.h
# Reference:	http://mark0.net/download/triddefs_xml.7z/defs/d/db-plocate.trid.xml
# Note:		called "plocate database" by TrID
# magic[8]
0		string		\0plocate	plocate database
#!:mime		application/octet-stream
!:mime		application/x-plocate
# default /var/lib/plocate/plocate.db if not overriden with --output option of updatedb.plocate 
!:ext		db
# version; 2 is the current version
>8		ulelong    	!1		\b, version %u
# hashtable_size; like 1 (for "empty" samples) 1b5c3h
#>12		ulelong    	>1		\b, hash table size %#x
# extra_ht_slots; like: 10h
>16		ulelong    	!0x10		\b, extra_ht_slots %#x
# num_docids; like 0 (for "empty" samples) a132h
>20		ulelong    	>0		\b, num_docids %u
# hash_table_offset_bytes; 78h (for "empty" samples) afdf99h
#>24		ulequad    	!0x78		\b, hash table offset %#llx
# filename_index_offset_bytes; 70h (for "empty" samples) aad571h
#>32		ulequad    	!0x70		\b, filename index offset %#llx
# version 1 and up only
>8		ulelong    	>0
# max_version;  nominally 1 or 2 but can be increased if more features are added in a backward-compatible way
>>40		ulelong    	!2		\b, max version %u
# zstd_dictionary_length_bytes; 0 (for "empty" samples) 400h
>>44		ulelong    	!0		\b, at %#x
# zstd_dictionary_offset_bytes; 0 (for "empty" samples) 70h
>>48		ulequad    	>0		\b+%#llx
# jump to beginning of zstd dictionary
>>>(48.q)		ubequad    	x
# jump realative zstd dictionary length bytes - 8 (quad length) forward to ZST data beginning
#>>>>&(44.l-8)		ubelong    	x		ZST=%8.8x
>>>>&(44.l-8)		ubelong    	x
# print 1 space char after zstd_dictionary_offset and then handles Zstandard compressed data by ./compress
# to get phrase like "at 0x400+0x70 Zstandard compressed data (v0.8+)"
>>>>>&-4		indirect	x		\b 
# only if max_version >= 2 and only relevant for updatedb
>40		ulelong    	>1
# directory_data_length_byte
#>>56		ulequad    	x		\b, directory data length %#llx
# directory_data_offset_bytes;
#>>64		ulequad    	x		offset %#llx
# next_zstd_dictionary_length_bytes; 0 (for "empty" samples) 400h
>>72		ulequad    	>0		\b, next zstd dictionary length %#llx
# next_zstd_dictionary_offset_bytes; 0 (for "empty" samples) 14b9cb8h
>>>80		ulequad    	>0		offset %#llx
# conf_block_length_bytes like; 65 147 148 151 152 452 537 540 543 
>>88		ulequad    	x		\b, configuration size %llu
# conf_block_offset_bytes; 1a1h (for "empty" samples) 14ba0b8h
>>96		ulequad    	>0		\b, at %#llx 1st variable
# 1st variable name nil terminated like: prune_bind_mounts
>>>(96.q)	string    	x		%s
# 1st variable value nil terminated like: 0 1
>>>>&1		string		x		\b=%s
# bool check_visibility; 0 or 1 configured with -l option of updatedb.plocate
>>104		ubyte    	1		\b, require visibility
#>>104		ubyte    	x		\b, check_visibility %#x

# Dump files for iproute2 tool. Generated by the "ip r|a save" command. URL:
# https://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/networking/iproute2
# From: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@parallels.com>
0		lelong		0x45311224	iproute2 routes dump
0		lelong		0x47361222	iproute2 addresses dump

# Image and service files for CRIU tool.
# URL: https://criu.org
# From: Pavel Emelyanov <xemul@parallels.com>
0		lelong		0x54564319	CRIU image file v1.1
0		lelong		0x55105940	CRIU service file
0		lelong		0x58313116	CRIU inventory

# Kdump compressed dump files
# https://github.com/makedumpfile/makedumpfile/blob/master/IMPLEMENTATION

0		string		KDUMP\x20\x20\x20	Kdump compressed dump
>0		use		kdump-compressed-dump

0		name		kdump-compressed-dump
>8		long		x		v%d
>12		string		>\0		\b, system %s
>77		string		>\0		\b, node %s
>142		string		>\0		\b, release %s
>207		string		>\0		\b, version %s
>272		string		>\0		\b, machine %s
>337		string		>\0		\b, domain %s

# Flattened format
0		string		makedumpfile
>16		bequad		1
>>0x1010	string		KDUMP\x20\x20\x20	Flattened kdump compressed dump
>>>0x1010	use		kdump-compressed-dump

# Device Tree files
0		search/1024	/dts-v1/	Device Tree File (v1)
# beat c code
!:strength +14


# e2fsck undo file
# David Gilman <davidgilman1@gmail.com>
0		string		E2UNDO02	e2fsck undo file, version 2
>44		lelong		x		\b, undo file is
>>44		lelong&1	0		not finished
>>44		lelong&1	1		finished
>48		lelong		x		\b, undo file features:
>>48		lelong&1	0		lacks filesystem offset
>>48		lelong&1	1		has filesystem offset
>>>64		lequad		x		at %#llx

# ansible vault (does not really belong here)
0		string		$ANSIBLE_VAULT;	Ansible Vault
>&0		regex		[0-9]+\\.[0-9]+	\b, version %s
>>&0		string		;
>>>&0		regex		[A-Z0-9]+	\b, encryption %s

# From:		Joerg Jenderek
# URL:		https://www.gnu.org/software/grub
# Reference:	https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/grub/grub-2.06.tar.gz
#		grub-2.06/include/grub/keyboard_layouts.h 
#		grub-2.06/grub-core/commands/keylayouts.c
# GRUB_KEYBOARD_LAYOUTS_FILEMAGIC
0	string		GRUBLAYO		GRUB Keyboard
!:mime			application/x-grub-keyboard
!:ext			gkb
# GRUB_KEYBOARD_LAYOUTS_VERSION like: 10
>8	ulelong		!10			\b, version %u
# 4 grub_uint32_t grub_keyboard_layout[160]
# for normal french keyboard this is letter a
>92	ubyte		!0x71
>>92	ubyte		>0x40			\b, english q is %c
#>732	ubyte		x			\b, english Q is %c
# for normal german keyboard this is letter z
>124	ubyte		!0x79
>>124	ubyte		>0x40			\b, english y is %c
#>764	ubyte		x			\b, english Y is %c


# From: Ben Dooks <ben.dooks@codethink.co.uk>
# URL: https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/tools/perf/util/header.c
# perf files for v1 and v2
0	string		PERFFILE		Linux perf recording, version 1

0	lequad		0x32454c4946524550	Linux perf recording, version 2. little endian

0	bequad		0x32454c4946524550	Linux perf recording, version 2. big endian

# perf(1) (Performance analysis tools) command
#
# For file format details, see:
#
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/\
# tools/perf/Documentation/perf.data-file-format.txt

# The file is normally called 'perf.data' but can take any name,
# so only check the eye catcher value.
0	string		PERFILE2	perf(1) data