bootstrap/bootstrap-bookworm.sh

#!/bin/bash -e
#----------
# Interactive installation steps for Debian Bullseye from GRML using debootstrap

# Design decisions
# - Fokus on a simple setup, primarly for VMs
# - One disk, one partion, swap-file in the same partion as safety net
# - Use systemd whereever possible (network, ntp, cron, journald logging)
# - Minimal number of packages & cloud kernel
# - grub-pc, not efi
# - random root and admin user password generation
# - ssh on port 50101 limited to the admin user

# Usage
# # Boot grml
# passwd root
# grml-network
# Start ssh
# git clone https://git.in-ulm.de/ulpeters/bootstrap.git
# cp config.sh.template config.sh                    # copy template
# config-get-netconf-eth0.sh                         # get running grml network config
# vi config.sh                                       # update installation variables
# bootstrap-bullseye.sh install                      # start installation
# !! Note down the admin passwords and reboot
# sudo /installer/bootstrap-bullseye.sh postinstall  # run postinstall in the new system

# Variables
mnt="/mnt/root"  # mountpoint for the new root filesystem
hostname="somehost.example.com"
partition="single-mbr"
disk="/dev/vda"  # lsblk --list
disk1=$disk"1"
netDev="eth0"    # ip link
netAddress="203.0.113.66/24"
netGateway="203.0.113.1"
netBroadcast="203.0.113.255"
netDNS1="192.0.2.10"
netDNS2="198.51.100.10"
netNTP="pool.ntp.org"
extraPackages=""

[ -f ./config.sh ] && source config.sh


# Setup network in grml
grmlnetwork(){
ip link show # list interfaces
ip addr add $netAddress dev $netDev
ip link set $netDev up
ip route add default via $netGateway
echo nameserver $netDNS1 >> /etc/resolv.conf
echo nameserver $netDNS2 >> /etc/resolv.conf
}

install(){
#----------
# Prepare disks
# Parition disks -- pkg: parted
parted $disk -s \
mklabel msdos \
mkpart primary ext4 512M 100% toggle 1 boot
fdisk -l $disk

# Format disks -- pkg: e2fsprogs dosfstools and to file system check
mkfs.ext4 $disk1 && e2fsck $disk1

# Prepare mount points and mount
mkdir -p $mnt
mount $disk1 $mnt

# Create swapfile
swapfile=$mnt/swapfile
dd if=/dev/zero of=$swapfile bs=1M count=1024 status=progress # create 1GB  file
chmod 600 $swapfile #restric permissions
mkswap $swapfile #format file

#----------
# Bootstrap -- pkg: debootstrap
# Remark: Debootstrap does not install recommands!! 
debootstrap --variant=minbase --arch=amd64 bookworm $mnt http://ftp2.de.debian.org/debian/

#----------
# Configuration
# Configure disk mounts
# Or get UUID from blkid...
cat >$mnt/etc/fstab <<EOL
$disk1        /                     ext4 rw       0 0
/swapfile        none                  swap defaults 0 0
EOL

# Configure sources.list
cat >$mnt/etc/apt/sources.list <<EOL
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main non-free-firmware
# deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm main non-free-firmware
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bookworm-security main non-free-firmware
# deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security/ bookworm-security main non-free-firmware
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main non-free-firmware
# deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates main non-free-firmware
EOL

# Configure hostname
echo "127.0.0.1       $hostname" >> $mnt/etc/hosts
echo "$hostname"                  > $mnt/etc/hostname

#----------
# Prepare chroot
mount -o bind /dev $mnt/dev
mount -o bind /dev/pts $mnt/dev/pts
mount -t sysfs /sys $mnt/sys
mount -t proc /proc $mnt/proc
cp /proc/mounts $mnt/etc/mtab
cp /etc/resolv.conf $mnt/etc/resolv.conf
mkdir -p $mnt/installer
cp $(dirname `realpath $0`)/*.sh $mnt/installer

# Run script in chroot
chroot $mnt /bin/bash /installer/bootstrap-bullseye.sh install2

# Install bootloader
$0 bootloader

}


#----------
# Function executed within chroot
install2(){
source /installer/config.sh 
# Install basic system
apt-get update
apt-get install --yes \
  apt-utils dialog msmtp-mta \
  systemd-sysv locales tzdata haveged \
  linux-image-cloud-amd64 grub-pc \
  iproute2 netbase \
  ssh sudo molly-guard  \
  less vim-tiny bash-completion pwgen lsof \
  dnsutils iputils-ping curl \
  $extraPackages

# Upgrade and clean up
apt-get upgrade --yes
apt-get autoremove --yes
apt-get clean --yes

# Setup users and passwords
[ -z $pwdAdmin ] && pwdAdmin=`pwgen --capitalize --numerals --ambiguous 12 1`
useradd admin --create-home --shell /bin/bash
echo "admin:$pwdAdmin" | chpasswd
usermod -a -G sudo admin
echo -e "\e[1;33;4;44mPassword for the user admin: $pwdAdmin\e[0m"
pass=`pwgen --capitalize --numerals --ambiguous 12 1`
[ -z $pwdRoot ] && pwdRoot=`pwgen --capitalize --numerals --ambiguous 12 1`
echo "root:$pwdRoot"   | chpasswd
echo -e "\e[1;33;4;44mPassword for the user root: $pwdRoot\e[0m"

# Harden SSHD
sed -i -e 's/#Port 22/Port 50101/g' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
sed -i -e 's/#PubkeyAuthentication yes/PubkeyAuthentication yes/g' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
# https://infosec.mozilla.org/guidelines/openssh.html


# Allow admin to sudo without password
echo AllowUsers admin >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config
echo "admin ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL" > /etc/sudoers.d/admin

## Configure network using systemd
if [ -z $netAddress ]
then
## Network OPTION 1 - DHCP
cat >/etc/systemd/network/20-wired.network <<EOL
[Match]
Name=e*

[Network]
DHCP=ipv4
IPv6PrivacyExtensions=false
IPv6AcceptRA=false
NTP=$netNTP
EOL

else
## Network OPTION 2 - static
cat >/etc/systemd/network/20-wired.network <<EOL
[Match]
Name=$netDev

[Network]
Address=$netAddress
Gateway=$netGateway
Broadcast=$netBroadcast
DNS=$netDNS1
DNS=$netDNS2
NTP=$netNTP
EOL
fi

## Setup systemd resolver
apt-get install --yes systemd-resolved
echo -e "\n# Disable local name resolution"  >> /etc/systemd/resolved.conf
echo "LLMNR=no" >> /etc/systemd/resolved.conf
echo "MulticastDNS=no" >> /etc/systemd/resolved.conf
systemctl enable systemd-networkd
systemctl enable systemd-resolved

# Limit journald logging to 1 month, 1 GB in total and split files per week
mkdir -p /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/
cat >/etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/retention.conf <<EOL
MaxRetentionSec=1month
SystemMaxUse=1G
MaxFileSec=1week
EOL

# Show errors in motd
rm /etc/motd   
cat >/etc/update-motd.d/15-boot-errors<<EOL
#!/bin/sh
echo
journalctl --boot --priority=3 --no-pager
EOL
chmod 755 /etc/update-motd.d/15-boot-errors

# Setup keyboard layout
cat >/etc/default/keyboard <<EOL
XKBMODEL="pc105"
XKBLAYOUT="de"
XKBVARIANT="nodeadkeys"
XKBOPTIONS=""
BACKSPACE="guess"
EOL

# Leave chroot
exit
}


bootloader(){
# Install GRUB in /dev/vba
chroot $mnt /bin/bash -c "grub-install $disk && update-grub"
}

unmount(){
# Unmount if mounted
! mountpoint -q $mnt/proc    || umount $mnt/proc
! mountpoint -q $mnt/sys     || umount $mnt/sys
! mountpoint -q $mnt/dev/pts || umount $mnt/dev/pts
! mountpoint -q $mnt/dev     || umount $mnt/dev
! mountpoint -q $mnt/root    || umount $mnt/root
! mountpoint -q $mnt         || umount $mnt
# Delete mount-point if empty and not mounted
[ -z "$(ls -A /mnt/)" ] &&  ! mountpoint -q $mnt  && rm -R $mnt
}


postinstall(){
####----REBOOT into the new system, so we'll have dbus running
localectl set-locale LANG=de_DE.UTF-8         # Default for LC_* variables not  set. 
localectl set-locale LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8  # System messages. 
#localectl set-locale LC_RESPONSE=en_US.UTF-8  # How responses (such as Yes and No) appear
update-locale
timedatectl set-timezone Europe/Berlin
}


# Switch to functions...
case $1 in
  grmlnetwork)
    echo Setup network in grml
    grmlnetwork
    ;;
  install)
    echo "Stage 1: Start installation"
    install
    ;;
  install2)
    echo "Stage 2: Start installation in chroot"
    install2
    ;;
  bootloader)
    echo "Stage 3: Install bootloader and unmount chroot"
    bootloader
    unmount
    echo "We're done and can reboot now"
    ;;
  postinstall)
    echo "Stage 4: Start post-installation in live system"
    postinstall
    ;;
  unmount)
    echo "Unmount chroot, e.g. in case installation fails"
    unmount
    ;;
  *)
    echo "Valid functions are: grmlnetwork, install, postinstall and unmount" >&2
    ;;
esac